A full 80 percent of the world’s population employs herbs as their primary medicines. And while drugstore shelves in the US are stocked mostly with synthetic remedies, in other parts of the world the situation is quite different.  In Germany, pharmacies dispense herbs prescribed by physicians.

Plants (aka Herbs)

The term “herbs” refers to plants or parts of them, including grasses, flowers, berries, seeds, leaves, nuts, stems, stalks and roots, which are used for their therapeutic and health-enhancing properties. Generations of skilled herbal practitioners, researchers and scholars have refined and tested the vast science of herbology, producing thousands of plant-based remedies that are safe and effective. The proper and judicious use of herbs is often successful in the treatment of illness when other, more conventional medicines and methods fail. Herbs can be used to cleanse the bowels, open congested sinuses, help mend broken bones, stimulate the brain, increase libido, ease pain, aid digestion, and a thousand other purposes. Topically, herbs can repair damaged skin, soothe a wound, improve complexion, heal bruises and relieve aching muscles. Herbs demonstrate great versatility for the treatment of a broad variety of health needs.

For over 5 billion people worldwide, natural plant-based remedies are used for both acute and chronic health problems, from treating common colds to controlling blood pressure and cholesterol. Not so long ago, this was true in the US as well. As late as the early 1950’s, many of the larger pharmaceutical companies still offered a broad variety of plant-based drugs in tablet, liquid and ointment forms.

Plants are the original source materials for as much as 40 percent of the pharmaceuticals in use in the United States today. This is to say that either the drugs currently contain plant-derived materials, or synthesized materials from agents originally derived from plants. Some medicines, such as the cancer drug Taxol (from Taxusbrevifolia) and the anti-malarial quinine from Cinchona pubescens and are manufactured from plants. Other medicinal agents such as pseudoephedrine originally derived from ephedra species, and menthol and methylsalicylate, originally derived from frommentha species and wintergreen (gaultheria procumbens) respectively, are now synthesized.

Herbal Use 60,000 Years Ago

Neanderthals lived from about 200,000 years ago until roughly 30,000 years ago in Europe and western Asia. They coexisted with modern humans for most of the period but then mysteriously vanished. Physical evidence of use of herbal remedies goes back some 60,000 years to a burial site at Shanidar Cave, Iraq, in which a Neanderthal man was uncovered in 1960. He had been buried with eight species of plants, seven of which are still used for medicinal purposes today.

The Ice Man’s Medicine

On September 19, 1991, one of the most extraordinary discoveries of our century took place in Austria’s Otzal Alps, when two hikers discovered an ice mummy preserved by freezing. The analysis of samples of organic tissues has determined that the Iceman lived between 3350 and 3100 B.C.

The Ice Man died approximately 5200 years ago. At death he was between 40 and 50 years old and suffered from a number of medical conditions. He turned into a mummy accidentally almost immediately by the freezing weather conditions that turned him into the Ice Man. The Ice Man’s possessions have given scientists a better look at what life was during the Neolithic Age in Europe. Perhaps the most valuable possession, according to many scientists, was his “medicine kit,” two walnut-sized lumps of a birch fungus used as a laxative and as a natural antibiotic.

Plant Medicines, Safe and Time-Tested

Plant medicines are generally safe, gentle and effective for human health needs. This is so because human beings have co-evolved with plants over the past few million years. We eat plants, drink their juices, ferment and distill libations from them, and consume them in a thousand forms. Ingredients in plants, from carbohydrates, fats and protein to vitamins and minerals, are part of our body composition and chemistry.  Unlike synthetic molecules, the compounds in plants are familiar to our bodies, and we can metabolize them.

Plants and Humans Share Similarities

Some compounds perform the same functions in plants and in the body. Natural antioxidant phenols in plants, for example, protect plant cells from oxidation, and often perform the same function in the human body. Our bodies know the substances that occur in plants, and possess sophisticated mechanisms for metabolizing plant materials.
The regular and judicious use of herbs to protect and promote health and as medicines to help treat common ailments is an enlightened approach to personal well-being.

Plants Can Be Dangerous Too

Plants can also pose a danger to human health. Drink a tea made from oleander leaves or chew a mouthful of foxglove and you’ll be dead in a hurry.  On the other hand, if you use any of the thousands of healthful herbs that have been utilized as traditional medicines over the past few millennia, in dosage ranges that have been determined by centuries of trial and error, you are most likely to benefit without any negative side effects. Plants are our friends, foods, and medicines.

Chris Kilham is a medicine hunter, and researches natural remedies all over the world, from the Amazon to Siberia. Chris teaches ethnobotany at U Mass Amherst where he is Explorer In Residence. He advises herbal, cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies , and is a regular guest on radio and TV programs worldwide. His field research is largely sponsored by Naturex of Avignon, France. Visit  his web site at www.MedicineHunter.com

Ease into fall with this healthy wonder

Summer vacation is over,  and you just may need something to keep in your desk to ease the transition back into faster, more hurried times. My pick? Dark chocolate. Think really dark, as in 70 percent cocoa.  The very dark chocolates contain less fat and sugar, and much more of chocolate’s spectacular mood-enhancing and health-imbuing compounds.

Tropical origins

The rainforest tree from which cocoa originates is Theobroma cacao, which means food of the gods. There is a dispute among experts regarding the origin of cacao.  But recent DNA research supports the notion that Venezuela’s Maracaibo basin marks the spot where the food of the gods first sprang forth in nature. Sometime around 1000 B.C. the Maya, whose civilization flourished from the Yucatan Peninsula to the Pacific coast of Guatemala, are believed to have cultivated the cacao tree for the very first time. The Maya so highly valued cacao, they used cocoa beans as currency, and to pay taxes.  From the very onset of its use, cocoa was assigned high status.

When Hernan Cortez returned to Spain from the New World in 1528, he told of a widely consumed food made from the fruit seeds of a tree. Cortez and his conquistadores described great plantations of Theobroma cacao throughout Mexico. His account of chocolate, its popularity and value, greatly piqued the interest of the Spanish. Cortez was chocolate’s first and most important trans-continental messenger.

Cacao, The Tree

While Theobroma cacao may grow appreciably taller in the wild, the cultivated tree ranges between 13 – 26 feet in height. The large, distinctive fruit pods of the tree jut out directly from the trunk and the lower branches. Young fruit pods tend to be greenish in color, but as they mature over the course of 5 – 6 months they become elliptical in shape and bright red or yellow in color. The fruit pods average about nine inches in length, and typically contain 30 – 40 almond-sized seeds (what we know as cocoa beans) nestled in a pale white flesh. 

Cacao is now cultivated in virtually every tropical area in the world. Cacao is grown commercially throughout Central and South America, Africa, the Caribbean, Indonesia, Malayasia, and the Pacific islands. This widespread distribution is testimony to the popularity of the tree and the heavenly fruit from which chocolate is made.

The Greatest Mood Food

Of the multitudinous compounds in cocoa, one is PEA, or phenethylamine. This chemical, which occurs in chocolate in small quantities, stimulates the nervous system and triggers the release of pleasurable opium-like compounds known as endorphins. It also potentiates the activity of dopamine, a neurochemical directly associated with sexual arousal and pleasure. Phenethylamine increases in the brain when we fall in love, and during orgasm.

Cocoa additionally boosts a sense of well being by increasing brain levels of serotonin, the so-called feel-good brain chemical. For this reason cocoa and chocolate provide a highly desirable mood boost to women during PMS and menstruation, when serotonin levels are often down. In fact, women are consistently more sensitive to chocolate than men. Women typically experience stronger chocolate cravings than men. 

Yet another constituent in cocoa alters mental state in pleasurable ways. Anandamide (whose name derives from the Sanskrit word ananda, which means bliss), is a cannabinoid, a member of the same psychoactive substances found in cannabis. Anandamide produces a global feeling of euphoria. This compound may account for why some people become euphoric or blissed-out when they eat chocolate.

Cocoa contains a wealth of naturally-occurring compounds. Of these, the most thoroughly studied are the methylxanthines. The two methylxanthines in chocolate are caffeine and theobromine. According to the Chocolate Information Center, a 50 gram piece of dark chocolate will yield between 10 – 60 milligrams of caffeine, as compared with a five ounce cup of coffee, which can yield up to 180 milligrams. Theobromine, the second methylxanthine, occurs at a concentration of about 250 milligrams in a 50 gram bar of dark chocolate. Like caffeine, theobromine is a central nervous system stimulant, though it is appreciably weaker.

Good For Your Heart!

Substantive science now shows that cocoa is very good for us indeed. Cocoa, which is the primary ingredient in finished chocolate, is rich in antioxidant polyphenols, a group of protective chemicals found in many plant foods such as red wine and tea, which have been the objects of scientific investigation for their beneficial influence on cardiovascular health.

Polyphenols are reportedly cardioprotective in two ways. First, they help to reduce the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), or so-called ‘bad cholesterol.” Oxidation of LDL is considered a major factor in the promotion of coronary disease, most notably heart attack and stroke.  Additionally, polyphenols inhibit blood platelets from clumping together. This clumping process, called aggregation, leads to atherosclerosis, hardening of the arteries. By inhibiting aggregation, polyphenols reduce the risk of atherosclerosis. Since atherosclerosis is a major killer of American adults, the protection provided by the polyphenols in cocoa is of real value.

Cocoa not only inhibits platelet aggregation, but it thins the blood, thus slowing coagulation. In a study of healthy subjects given a strong cocoa beverage, platelet aggregation was reduced and fewer microparticles had formed than normal. Additionally, blood from the subjects took longer to form a clot than blood from control subjects. This study showed that cocoa performs the same beneficial anti-clotting activity as aspirin. 

Daily Chocolate Rx

If you are diabetic, then only pure, unsweetened cocoa is advisable for you. Use it in baking and in smoothies. Otherwise, half a bar daily of semi-sweet strong dark chocolate will put a groove in your mood, protect the cells in your body, and help to maintain heart health. And, it will make running in the rat race just a bit more enjoyable. That’s not bad for the world’s most beloved confection.

Chris Kilham is a medicine hunter who researches natural remedies all over the world, from the Amazon to Siberia. He teaches ethnobotany at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he is Explorer In Residence. Chris advises herbal, cosmetic and pharmaceutical companies and is a regular guest on radio and TV programs worldwide.  His field research is largely sponsored by Naturex of Avignon, France. Read more at www.MedicineHunter.com

TOMATOES

Summer dish: Sliced tomato with balsamic vinegar
Nothing says summer like vine ripe tomatoes. Tomatoes naturally lend themselves to health-conscious summer cooking, being sweet, yet low in calories. In fact, tomatoes are one of the most frequently consumed “vegetables” in the United States, whether raw, steamed, fried, stewed, crushed, pureed, or reduced to a sauce. (Though thought of as a vegetable, tomatoes are botanically classified as fruits.) They are also one of our best sources of vitamin C, a powerful antioxidant.

They also contain beta-carotene and several other carotenoids that may have their own disease-preventing properties, particularly against heart disease and cancer. One carotenoid, lycopene, may help reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Tomatoes also offer a good dose of potassium, which helps to reduce the risk of stroke.

SALMON

Summer dish: Simply grilled on the barbeque
Summer marks the beginning of salmon fishing season and the time of year when fresh salmon is again available in your local markets. Salmon is low in calories and saturated fats and high in protein. Wild salmon is one of the best sources of health-promoting fats known as the omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3s promote cardiovascular health, brain health and provide anti-inflammatory protection.

Cardiovascular health: omega-3’s prevent platelets in the blood from clumping together and sticking to the arterial wall in the form of plaque. They also drive down triglycerides and LDL (bad) cholesterol.

Brain health: Omega-3’s interact with the fatty layers that surround brain cells and help protect brain cells from the diseases of aging, like Alzheimer’s.

CORN

Summer Dish: Corn on the cob
Is there anything more satisfying at a summer bar-b-que than an ear of hot corn on the cob? In addition to being sweet and satisfying, there are many health benefits of corn.

One cup of corn provides 18.4 percent of the daily recommendation of fiber. Its high-fiber content is one of the biggest benefits of corn. Fiber has been shown to help lower cholesterol levels and help reduce the risk of colon cancer. Fiber is also useful in helping to lower blood sugar levels in diabetics.

Corn is a surprising source of several vitamins, including folic acid, niacin and vitamin C. The folic acid in corn is now known to be an important factor in preventing neural-tube birth defects. It’s just as important in preventing heart disease, according to studies that show folic acid can prevent a buildup of homocysteine, an amino acid in the body.

SUMMER SQUASH

Summer Dish: Sautéed or grilled squash
Summer squash contains vitamin C as well as beta-carotene, folate and fiber. These nutrients make summer squash a tool in preventing cancers, heart disease and diseases caused by inflammation such as arthritis and asthma.

Whether you’re trying to lose weight or just adopt a healthier eating program, summer squash’s rich fiber content can help you get full faster — and give you many of the nutrients you need.

Tanya Zuckerbrot, MS, RD is a nutritionist and founder of www.Skinnyandthecity.com.    She is also the creator of The F-Factor Diet™, an innovative nutritional program she has used for more than ten years to provide hundreds of her clients with all the tools they need to achieve easy weight loss and maintenance, improved health and well-being.  For more information log onto www.FFactorDiet.com

A dash of spice might be all you need to jump start your health.  Numerous studies have confirmed that spices can help prevent certain cancers, lower blood pressure, control blood sugar and improve cardiovascular health.  In addition, spices have been shown to minimize the damage of aging and actually help you lose weight by saving hundreds of calories and adding flavor — enabling you to avoid adding heavy sauces, butter or other fats.

Cinnamon:

Health Boost:  Cinnamon helps to reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A study in the December 2003 Diabetes Care found that eating one to six grams of cinnamon daily significantly reduced blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. Recent research indicates that cinnamon can have favorable effects on brain function. Participants in a study chewed cinnamon gum or smelled the sweet spice. Cognitive tests revealed that subjects who used cinnamon had better memory functions and could process information more quickly.

How to Use it: For a delicious and healthy dessert, sprinkle on top of an apple and bake in the oven at 350 degrees until it can be pierced with a fork. To get a boost of cinnamon throughout the day,  just sprinkle the good old stuff into your oatmeal, yogurt or baked goods.

Turmeric

Health Boost: Turmeric isn’t just known for its bright-yellow color and distinct flavor, but it’s also known for its many health benefits, such as its powerful anti-inflammatory properties. Surprisingly, it’s the bright pigment of turmeric, which is called curcumin, that is said to be the primary pharmacological agent in turmeric. In numerous studies, curcumin’s anti-inflammatory effects have been shown to be comparable to over-the-counter medicines like Motrin.

How to use it: For a bold dip, you can’t resist, mix it into nonfat Greek yogurt, and add salt and pepper to taste. Serve the dip alongside raw carrots, celery and peppers. Rosemary Health Boost: Scientists from Iwate University in Japan and the Burnham Institute for Medical Research in California have found that the antioxidant carnosic acid found in rosemary, protects the brain from free radical damage. Oxidative damage, caused by excess free radicals is a major cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. How to use it: For a delicious chicken rub, combine 2 teaspoons of rosemary leaves with 2 teaspoons of seasoning salt and 1/2 teaspoon thyme leaves.

Garlic:

Health Boost: Since 1858, garlic has been known for its antibacterial properties. At this time Louis Pasteur discovered that bacterial cells died when they were saturated with garlic. Garlic has long been considered an herbal “wonder drug.” Garlic has 1 percent of the potency of penicillin.

How to use it: Sauté fresh garlic over low heat and mix spinach, and Parmesan cheese and place atop whole-wheat pasta.

Paprika:

Health Boost: One reason to spice up your meals: You’ll crank up your metabolism. Capsaicin, the substance that gives kick to peppers and chilies, has a thermogenic effect, meaning it causes the body to burn extra calories for 20 minutes after you eat them.

How to use it:  Add a teaspoon of paprika to store-bought hummus or prepare your own guacamole using an avocado, ½ diced onion, ½ diced tomato, ½ teaspoon lemon juice, ½ teaspoon onion powder and ½ teaspoon garlic powder.

Ginger:

Health Boost: You’ve all heard that ginger can help soothe your stomach, but did you know it can help heal a migraine also? Denmark researchers have discovered that ginger can block the effects of prostaglandins. These are substances that cause inflammation of the blood vessels in the brain, which leads to migraines. Research suggests that ginger can help relieve migraine headaches by blocking the production of natural substances that cause inflammation and pain.

How to use it: Make your own ginger dressing by combining 2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar, 1 tablespoon soy sauce, 1 teaspoon Dijon mustard, ½ teaspoon minced garlic, ½ teaspoon minced ginger (optional), ½ teaspoon pepper and 2 scallions.

Oregano:

Health Boost:  A USDA study found that gram-for-gram, oregano has the highest antioxidant activity of 27 fresh culinary herbs. Oregano is also a potent antioxidant, rich in phytonutrients. On a per-gram basis, fresh oregano has 42 times more antioxidant activity than apples, 30 times more than potatoes, 12 times more than oranges, 4 times more than blueberries. Antioxidants are known to reduce risk factors for heart disease and various types of cancers.

How to use it:  To spice up grilled cheese, add ¼ teaspoon oregano leaves and tomato to the classic favorite.

Thyme:

Health Boost:  Thyme is one of the most well-known remedies for treating teeth and fighting the gum disease gingivitis. The active ingredient in this common herb is thymol which can be found in Listerine mouthwash because of its antibacterial and antifungal properties.

How to use it: Use thyme in scrambled eggs for a fragrant flavor boost. It can be used to improve the flavor of most dishes, especially slow-cooked dishes.

Tanya Zuckerbrot, MS, RD is a nutritionist and founder of www.Skinnyandthecity.com. She is also the creator of The F-Factor Diet™, an innovative nutritional program she has used for more than ten years to provide hundreds of her clients with all the tools they need to achieve easy weight loss and maintenance, improved health and well-being. For more information log onto www.FFactorDiet.com.

Just as it’s not healthy to be overweight, being underweight can be a problem, too — putting you at risk for malnutrition and problems like osteoporosis later in life. But there’s definitely a right and a wrong way to do it. You don’t want to add foods high in sugar and fat that can increase your risk for heart disease, high cholesterol, and diabetes, not to mention affect your energy level and mood.

It’s ok to eat carbs — they’re not all created equal, after all.  Opt for whole-wheat breads and whole-grain cereals, which are calorie-dense sources of fiber and disease-fighting phytochemicals and antioxidants.  Look for breads that have about 100 calories per slice.  Arnold’s Grains & More breads are made with 100 percent whole-wheat flour and come in varieties such as Double Protein (110 calories, 3 grams of fiber, and 7 grams of protein per slice) and Double Fiber (90 calories and 5 grams of fiber per slice).  As for cereal, try Fiber One Caramel Delight, which tastes like Cinnamon Toast Crunch but has 180 calories and 9 grams of fiber per cup. For something less sweet, try Quaker Oatmeal Squares Cereal (1 cup has 210 calories and 5 grams of fiber). Add sliced bananas and low-fat milk for a hearty, healthy breakfast or a great midday snack.

Enjoy some heart-healthy fats like olive oil, canola oil, salmon and nuts. These foods pack a calorie punch without the artery-clogging fats of creamy, fried, and greasy foods — in fact, they can even reduce your risk of heart disease. It’s easy: For a daytime snack, munch on some almonds or walnuts. For dinner, try broiling a 6-ounce filet of salmon drizzled with olive oil, salt and pepper and sautéing a side of spinach with garlic and a tablespoon of olive oil.

Pack in the protein. While eating fats and carbs will add pounds, our bodies need protein to help maintain and build muscle mass. Go for lean protein like grilled chicken breast, white meat turkey, egg whites and seafood. For an extra boost, add protein powder to fruit smoothies.

Other quick tips for adding healthy calories:
•   Sprinkle walnuts or almonds into your morning bowl of cereal
•   Add a cup of whole-wheat pasta or brown rice to your dinner
•   Toss together your own trail mix. Combine almonds (or any other nut), high-fiber cereal , dried fruit and semi-sweet chocolate chips, and put it in small bags for a go-to snack any time of the day. Get creative and add your own twist to the mix!
•   ½ whole-wheat bagel with peanut butter and sliced banana
•   Create your own pizza, Tortilla pizza (whole-wheat, high-fiber tortilla with low-fat mozzarella and tomato sauce)

Tanya Zuckerbrot, MS, RD is a nutritionist and founder of www.Skinnyandthecity.com.    She is also the creator of The F-Factor Diet™, an innovative nutritional program she has used for more than ten years to provide hundreds of her clients with all the tools they need to achieve easy weight loss and maintenance, improved health and well-being.  For more information log onto www.FFactorDiet.com.

As the saying goes “you are what you eat.” Sure, we all know that if we eat too many fried, fattening foods we will gain weight and probably not feel too great. But did you know that by choosing certain foods, you can actually change your appearance from the inside out?  Foods high in phytochemicals, antioxidants and certain fats all contribute to glowing skin, shiny hair and strong teeth and nails. 

For Smooth Skin:
Vitamin C found in citrus fruits, broccoli, peppers and berries activate fibroblast cells, which makes collagen. The healthier your collagen, the firmer and smoother your skin looks. Keep in mind, studies have shown that women who are deficient in vitamin C tend to bruise much easier.  Eat dark orange, red or green fruit and veggies which are filled with beta-carotene, an antioxidant that converts to vitamin A, which is imperative for producing new and young-looking skin cells.

For Shiny Hair:
Fill your plates with lean proteins like turkey, chicken and egg whites. Hair is made up of protein called keratin, so it makes sense that getting enough of it is essential for healthy, beautiful locks.

In addition, the mineral biotin found in eggs, almonds, bananas and strawberries helps to produce keratin, which has also been shown to prevent graying and hair loss.

For Pearly Whites:
Not only does calcium create cavity-resistant tooth enamel, but it also helps maintains the enamel so teeth stay strong. Aim to consume three servings of low-fat dairy products daily, such as low-fat cheeses, yogurt and skim milk. For all you lactose intolerant people, don’t fret — broccoli and strawberries contain as much calcium as their dairy counterparts.

For Nice Nails:
Zinc, more commonly known as “the acne terminator” also helps keep nails strong and prevent white spots. Great sources of zinc are oysters, eggs and nuts. Load up on spinach, broccoli, lettuce and avocado — which are all filled with folic acid. Folic acid is necessary for nail growth and strength.

** Not only does water help to move toxins through and out of your body more quickly, it also keeps skin plump and dewy, and prevents hair and nails from becoming dry and brittle. For an additional bonus, drink Fiji Water which is the only water that contains natural minerals like silica. Silica improves the condition of hair and nails, the texture and resiliency of skin, and is needed to make strong healthy bones and to keep your blood vessels elastic.

Tanya Zuckerbrot, MS, RD is a nutritionist and founder of www.Skinnyandthecity.com.    She is also the creator of The F-Factor Diet™, an innovative nutritional program she has used for more than ten years to provide hundreds of her clients with all the tools they need to achieve easy weight loss and maintenance, improved health and well-being.  For more information log onto www.FFactorDiet.com.

The topic of anal cancer has gotten a lot of media attention lately because of Farrah Fawcett’s very public battle with the disease. And it’s raised a lot of important questions about advances in cancer treatment and the future for patients fighting the battle of their lives.

What is anal cancer and who is at risk for it?

Anal cancer is characterized by the growth of a tumor around the anus ― which is opening at the end of the intestinal tract — and it’s completely different from colon cancer. A large proportion of anal cancers have tested positive for human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a sexually transmitted disease, but this isn’t the only cause.

Other patient populations at a greater risk for developing anal cancer include patients with multiple sexual partners, those who participate in anal intercourse, smokers, people with immunosuppressive diseases, such as HIV, and people with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.

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What is the treatment for anal or intestinal cancer?

If it’s caught early, the most common treatment for anal cancer is surgery. But in patients whose cancer affects the anal sphincter, having surgery to remove the tumor and cancerous cells can lead to fecal incontinence causing the need for a permanent colostomy. So often for these patients, radiation and chemotherapy may be the preferred course of treatment. For later stage anal cancers, doctors treat patients with a combination of radiation and chemotherapy.

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What is the cure rate for anal cancer?

Well ― like any cancer, early detection greatly increases the chance of survival. If it’s caught in the early stage, there is an 86 percent five year survival rate. If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, the survival rate decreases to 54 percent. Up to 10 percent of patients treated for anal cancer will develop cancer elsewhere in the body.

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What kind of advances are we making in cancer research?

We have made advances with regard to the surgical treatment of cancers by offering minimally invasive surgeries. In some cases, we’re able to provide surgical treatments with less negative side effects and shorter recovery time. Clinical studies have shown that other treatments like radiation and chemotherapy may be just as effective as surgery without many of the negative side effects.

With regard to medical treatments, there have certainly been advances in the kinds of treatments we’re using. New medical technologies are making it possible for doctors to individualize a patient’s treatment by studying the genetic makeup of their particular cancer — ultimately decreasing the chances of recurrence or spread of the cancer, and increasing a patient’s survival outcome.

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What are the major milestones/accomplishments we’ve seen in cancer research recently?

Well again, one of the major milestones is being able to identify the genetic makeup of cancers individual to each patient.

The other advancement is the research that’s been done in molecular-targeted therapies. These therapies target the development of cancers by inhibiting the growth of the disease at the cellular level — which we hope will be able to limit or potentially even stop the cancer from spreading.

Molecular-targeted therapy is a more specific treatment than chemotherapy, because chemo treatment kills off not only the bad cells — but also the healthy cells in the body. So with a therapy that is very specific in its attack of cancerous cells, the hope is that it should more be effective in stopping the development of the cancer.

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What are some tips for preventing cancer?

We’ve all heard it time and time again — good health comes from making healthy choices. So my first tip would be stop smoking! I’m sure I don’t have to tell you, cigarettes are full of cancer-causing agents and have been linked to the development of many cancers in the body.

Second, everything in moderation including alcohol! If you’re the kind of person who enjoys a nice cocktail, make sure you do it in moderation, which means 1 or 2 glasses — preferrably of red wine — or else,  just avoid alcohol all together.

Make healthy dietary choices. Try to maintain a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and fruits and vegetables. Both provide essential nutrients and antioxidants which help ward off disease. Limit the amount of read meat you consume, since high levels of it have been linked to certain cancers.

Recent studies have shown that vitamin D may play an important role protecting against the development of certain diseases. Because exposure to small amounts of sunlight causes the body to produce healthy amounts of vitamin D, people who live in cold environments or places with extended seasons of darkness may want to consider getting their vitamin D levels checked and taking supplements.

And finally — know your family history so you can better determine your risk for other cancers, because your screenings for certain cancers may start earlier than what is recommended to the general population, and preventive therapies may be an option for you.

Dr. Cynara Coomer is an assistant professor of surgery specializing in breast health and breast cancer surgery at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. She is a FOX News Health contributor providing medical expertise on a variety of topics in cancer research with a focus on women’s health, breast diseases and tips for healthy breasts at any age.

Eighty-five percent of the women in the United States experience hot flashes as they approach menopause. Researchers suggest that women with higher body weights actually have more hot flashes that their leaner counterparts. It is believed that hot flashes may be the body’s attempt at dispersing heat, but unfortunately fat seems to act as insulation that prevents the heat from spreading, which usually causes overheating to take place.

Therefore, studies have shown that women who followed a low-fat diet high in fiber-filled foods like fruits, vegetables and whole grains experienced fewer hot flashes than women who didn’t. Below is a list of foods that can help you reduce your symptoms:
 
1. Fiber: Recent research has suggested that no other method enhancing regularity has the same effect as fiber.  Fiber absorbs the estrogen, which relieves hot flashes by reducing the amount of estrogen reabsorbed from bile salts released into the intestine to be mixed with stool. It is recommended that women should be consuming 25-30 grams of fiber daily. Enjoy fiber-rich foods throughout the day such as whole grain breads and cereals, apples, pears, broccoli and cauliflower. 

2. Calcium: The National Institutes of Health recommends that menopausal women get 1,000 mg of calcium daily. Calcium cleanses excess estrogen from the liver, making this nutrient vital in reducing hot flashes.  Calcium-rich foods include low-fat milk, low-fat yogurts and low-fat cheeses. 

3. Soy: Recent studies have found that soy, which is rich in phytoestrogens like isoflavones, can also help reduce hot flashes, as well as night sweats and other menopausal symptoms. Opt for tofu, edamame or any other variety of soy beans, as well as low-fat soy yogurts and cheeses.

4. Beans: Almost all beans — not just soy — contain two important compounds; genistein and daidzein.  Which are known for being estrogenic, helping to control hot flashes and other discomforts of menopause.

5. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: New research from the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition shows a common food compound found in omega-3s can ease hot flashes. Salmon, shrimp, walnuts and tofu all contain high levels of omega-3s. 

6. Vitamin E: According to the National Cancer Institute, studies suggest increasing your intake of vitamin E. Vitamin E replenishes necessary electrolytes lost through perspiration during hot flashes.  Mango, sweet potatoes, almonds, peanuts and sunflower seeds are all great sources of vitamin E.

7. Vitamin B: This essential vitamin has been shown to help reduce hot flashes.  Foods like bananas, pistachios, fish, meat, eggs, bananas, beans and whole grains are all wonderful sources of vitamin B.

8. Vitamin C: One study showed that increasing your intake of vitamin C which contains bioflavonoids; a powerful antioxidant, reduced hot flashes. Grapefruit, oranges, potatoes, broccoli and pineapple are all fabulous sources of vitamin C.

9. Water: Drink a lot of water. Drinking water restores fluids lost to perspiration during hot flashes and can even prevent or minimize the hot flashes themselves.

10. Foods to avoid: Certain foods like, alcohol, caffeine, excess sugar, high-fat meat products and spicy foods rank among the top aggravators of these frustrating episodes.

Tanya Zuckerbrot, MS, RD is a nutritionist and founder of Skinnyandthecity.com.    She is also the creator of The F-Factor Diet™, an innovative nutritional program she has used for more than ten years to provide hundreds of her clients with all the tools they need to achieve easy weight loss and maintenance, improved health and well-being.  For more information log onto www.FFactorDiet.com.

Since it’s wise to eat something small at least every 3 hours, having a snack isn’t an indulgence; it’s an important part of your diet.  Eating small snacks can help prevent you from becoming ravenous throughout the day and into the night. 

Carb-only snacks raise your blood sugar quickly then cause it to drop below normal.  When that happens, you tend to eat anything you can get your hands on.  However, what you choose as a snack can make a big difference on your energy and your mood.  And often what most people choose is too high in calories and fat.  Sure it is easy to get a bag of chips from the vending machine, a muffin from the deli, or a refreshing smoothie from Jamba Juice, but these snacks can have well over 300 calories and leave you hungry soon after.

The snacks below contain no more than 150 calories, which is just enough to satisfy you without sabotaging your diet.  They should also be a combination of fiber and protein, since fiber and protein are the two nutrients that take the longest to digest and keep you full and satisfied on fewer calories.  According to the American Dietetic Association, the average American should be receiving 20-35 grams of fiber daily, but currently, most of us only receive between 9-11 grams.  So in order to keep your energy levels high, snacks are an essential part of the day. 
 
1. 8 Dried Apricot Halves with 1 oz. Pistachios
Not only are pistachios a great source of both fiber and protein, but they also contain antioxidants and vitamin B6. Although nuts do contain healthy fats which are believed to lower cholesterol, eating straight from the bowl can easily lead you to munch through 1000 calories. Shelled pistachios contain the least calories because the shells take up most of the volume of 1 cup.  Cracking them open allows you to be conscious of what you are doing and therefore slow down consumption time, which can enable one to curb their caloric intake dramatically. Pair this salty crunch with a chewy fruit, like dried apricots which also contain fiber, while promoting good vision through vitamin A.

2. ½ Cup Fiber One Cereal with  Fage 0% Total Greek Yogurt and Splenda with Fiber
One of the most popular snacks is a granola yogurt parfait. Although it is often thought of as a healthy fiber-rich food, granola only contains a measly 2 grams of fiber, and is usually loaded with calories and excess sugar. Swapping granola for Fiber One will not only save you over 100 calories, but provide you with a whopping 14 grams of fiber in ½ cup. Mixing this cereal into Fage Yogurt, which contains 18 grams of protein, will fill you up without filling you out. For an extra boost of fiber, flavor it with Splenda with Fiber, a no-calorie sweetener that provides you with one gram of fiber and a sweet bite. 

3.  1 Individual Size Jell-O Mint Chocolate Fudge Sugar-Free Pudding  Snack with 1 Cup Strawberries and a Dollop of Whipped Cream
How many of us are guilty in indulging in ice cream sundaes? A haagen- daaz mint chip dazzler contains 1,270 calories, that’s as many calories as some may eat in a day.  For the same amount of calories you can have 10 of these fudgy low- cal treats.  Many people don’t realize that pudding is a great source of calcium. Paired with strawberries, which are a great source of fiber, this treat is sure to curb any craving in addition to curbing your hungry. And you can never go wrong with a creamy dollop of whipped cream.

4. Starbucks Tall Skim Cappuccino with 1 Quaker Chewy 90 Calorie Granola Bar Dark Chocolate Cherry
Never drink your calories! By ordering non-fat milk in your coffee beverages you will instantly “skim” your calories and fat while still receiving the same benefits of protein and calcium. You may think a muffin is the perfect compliment to any warm beverage, but be wary that a store bought muffin contains over 400 calories causing havoc on your diet. Instead, pair your creamy cappuccino with a Dark Chocolate Cherry granola bar. Not only is this piece of chewy goodness 90 calories, but contains heart-healthy antioxidants in every bite.

5. Gnu Flavor and Fiber Bar
Thank goodness for energy bars — convenient, pre-packed, pre-portioned meals that are simple, mess free and portable! With so many different brands on the supermarket shelves, grabbing one while on the run is a simple way to satisfy your hunger … NOT SO FAST!!! Many of these “energy bars” although marketed as “healthy” are simply glorified candy bars. Gnu flavor and fiber bars are your best options. Gnu bars have less than 150 calories and 3 grams of fat, but contain 12 grams of fiber nearly half of the daily recommendation. These high-fiber, low-fat bars are a savior when you’re in a car, at the office or the gym. Choose from any of their five  tasty flavors including cinnamon raisin, chocolate brownie, peanut butter, banana walnut and orange cranberry.

6. 1 Bag 100 Calorie Popcorn with Parmesan Cheese
Microwave popcorn such as Orville Redenbacher’s Smart Pop mini bags or Jolly Time Healthy Pop minis are about 100 calories for the entire bag, 2 grams of fat and 5 grams of fiber. That is a savings of almost 400 calories from getting a small bag of buttered popcorn. Popcorn contains an amino acid known as serotonin, which has been said to boost feelings of happiness and calmness — so pop on in the microwave, for those times your feeling blue.  For bold and sharp flavor, sprinkle parmesan cheese which is low in calories and adds a boost of protein.
 

7. 4 GG Bran Crispbread High-Fiber Crackers with 1 Wedge Laughing Cow Cheese, and 1 Ounce Smoked Salmon
This is a deliciously satisfying healthy alternative to the classic bagel and lox. One cracker contains 12 calories and 5 grams of fiber, and gives you a satisfying crunch, as opposed to a high calorically-dense bagel.  Instead of using artery-clogging full-fat cream cheese, spread with a lighter and tastier Laughing Cow wedge. To really complete this snack, top with 1 ounce of smoked salmon — this contains heart healthy omega-3s. Not only will this snack allow you to feel full on few calories, but studies show omega-3 fatty acids can also better your appearance by making skin glow and hair shine.  How’s that for a girl’s best snack?

8.  Thomas’ High-Fiber English Muffin 1 Tablespoon Peanut Butter and Sugar-Free Jelly
There’s nothing like a good old peanut butter and jelly sandwich. However, your childhood favorite prepared on white bread contains excess calories and very few nutrients. Choosing half of a Thomas’ Light English Muffin, which is filled with hearty whole grains, fiber and protein will instantly provide you with more essential nutrients and cut the calories in half. Peanut butter is a great source of monounsaturated fat which not only lowers cholesterol, but also slows down digestion to help keep you feeling satisfied. Just be wary that although peanut butter is a healthy fat it still is fat, and calories can quickly add up, so only spread 1 tablespoon full. Top with any flavor sugar-free jelly for a healthy twist on this classic sandwich.

9. 1 Cup Baby Carrots with ¼ Cup Hummus
The crunchy texture and sugary taste of carrots makes for a great snack. Carrots are an excellent source of beta-carotene, vitamin A  and many other beneficial vitamins and nutrients. Carrots have a reputation of helping one see better and reduce risks for many diseases; but carrots are also erotic stimulants because of their phallic resemblance.  Hummus is made from chickpeas which have poly- and monounsaturated fats, which are beneficial to your health. Plus, you get the added boost of fiber. So start dipping!!

10. 15 Baked Tostitos Scoops (1 oz.) with  2 Tablespoons Bean  Dip
This is a great snack to serve at a party. The usual choice of potato chips and onion dip is a combination of greasy, fried carbohydrates and trans fat.  Instead, try serving Baked Tostitos scoops, which will satisfy your craving with a fraction of the fat that potato chips have, and the bean dip is loaded with fiber and protein, making it a figure-friendly combination with every scoop you take.

Tanya Zuckerbrot, MS, RD is a nutritionist and founder of Skinnyandthecity.com.    She is also the creator of The F-Factor Diet™, an innovative nutritional program she has used for more than ten years to provide hundreds of her clients with all the tools they need to achieve easy weight loss and maintenance, improved health and well-being.  For more information log onto www.FFactorDiet.com.

There are some great foods that you can incorporate into your diet that are heart-healthy and will do wonders for your sex life! Cooking together with a romantic partner encourages intimacy and connection — so prepare meals together.

Stay away from foods that contain excess amounts of caffeine — they reduce libido.  And stay away from foods that may make you feel bloated and gassy (cabbage, broccoli, onions). Selenium, manganese and of course, zinc, are also vital in regulating hormones and revving up sex drive and are found in various fruits and vegetables, so include a salad with meals if you want some action later. This is very exciting news, so start preparing.

Foods for a better sex life:

Bananas, carrots, asparagus. 
Bananas, carrots and asparagus are all erotic stimulants because of their phallic resemblance.  Asparagus contain folate, which boosts histamine production necessary for the ability to reach orgasm in both sexes.  Plus, watching you eat asparagus, a phallic food, is sure to get him in the mood.

Red wine.
Red wine is healthy for your heart and your romantic moods!  It may help prevent blood clots and reduce the blood vessel damage caused by fat deposits. It is also a particularly rich source of antioxidants which raise HDL (good) cholesterol.  It lowers inhibitions and stimulates appetite so add a glass of wine to a romantic dinner!

Oysters.
Oysters have long been considered the food of love, and legend has it that Casanova ate dozens of oysters a day — once even seducing a vestal virgin by sliding an oyster from his lips.  Oysters carry a hefty dose of zinc. Zinc has been linked to male fertility, potency, sex drive, and is essential for sperm production. The daily requirement for zinc can be gained by eating just one oyster, so imagine what serving your boyfriend/husband an appetizer of a few oysters can do …  schwing!  If oysters aren’t his thing, turkey, lean beef, and beans are other good sources of zinc.

Champagne.
 So you’ve already heard the buzz that a daily glass of wine raises good cholesterol and helps prevent arteries from clogging. But alcohol, especially champagne, can also improve your health and your sex life. Like many mind-altering substances, a glass or two of champagne will lower inhibitions and help ease any couple into an amorous mood. 
 
Pistachios.
Besides providing protein to help increase stamina, pistachios are heavy in healthful mono-saturated fats, zinc and other nutrients that are linked with increased sexual desire. Pistachios also have a greater portion size than any other nut, so you can eat 49 kernels (1 serving) and still feel thin and sexy.
 
Artichokes.
This nutrient-dense, peculiar plant was once considered such a powerful aphrodisiac that women were banned from eating it. According to Martha Hopkins, co-author of “Inter-Courses: An Aphrodisiac Cookbook,” part of the appeal of the artichoke may be that you have to work hard to “get past the spiked leaves to get to the velvety-smooth heart.” 
 
Spices.
The right spices not only heat things up on the tongue, but also in the bedroom.  Capsaicin, the substance that gives kick to peppers, stimulates nerve endings to release chemicals, raising the heart rate and possibly triggering the release of endorphins, giving you the pleasurable feeling of a natural high.  “Chili pepper and ginger help improve circulation,” says Dix. “And hot spices like cayenne, curry and cumin help warm the body.”  The intoxicating aromas of exotic spices help infuse romance into the atmosphere.
 
Avocado.
According to the Doctrine of Signatures, food aids the part of the body it resembles. In fact, the Aztecs valued the avocado as an aphrodisiac and named it “ahuacale” or testicle because they grow in pairs. Though science can neither confirm nor deny that this fruit will get your fire going, it will give you fuel in the form of healthy fats, protein and potassium.
 
Chocolate.
Don’t skip dessert!  Eating chocolate causes the release of mood-boosting, stress-reducing serotonin. The sweet stuff also causes a release of phenylethylamine, which causes changes in blood pressure and blood-sugar levels, leading to feelings of excitement conducive to lovemaking. Just make sure to choose antioxidant-rich dark chocolate.

Even smells of certain foods have been found to be sexually arousing, according to studies at the Smell and Taste Foundation in Chicago, notably:

For men: Pumpkin pie and buttered popcorn
For women: Licorice candy

Tanya Zuckerbrot, MS, RD is a nutritionist and founder of Skinnyandthecity.com.    She is also the creator of The F-Factor Diet™, an innovative nutritional program she has used for more than ten years to provide hundreds of her clients with all the tools they need to achieve easy weight loss and maintenance, improved health and well-being.  For more information log onto www.FFactorDiet.com.