The Fourth of July weekend is here and whether you’re planning a barbecue at a park, the beach or in your own backyard, don’t forget the sunblock. Sunblock is a major factor in protecting you from getting skin cancer from sun exposure.  According to The Skin Cancer Foundation, “more than 90 percent of all skin cancers are caused by sun exposure and sunscreens are a key weapon in the arsenal against the disease.” 

So, here are some of the answers to what people want to know about sunblock.
 
What makes the sun harmful?
 
There are two types of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that the sun emits.  They are UVA and UVB rays.  UVB rays are the rays that cause sunburn.  UVA rays penetrate the skin more deeply and cause long-term damage, such as wrinkling, leathering, sagging, and other effects of aging.
 
What is the UV Index?
 
The UV Index provides a forecast for the risk of overexposure to the sun.  Knowing the UV Index gives you an idea about the dangers of overexposure to the sun when you are working or playing outside.  It is calculated on a daily basis by the National Weather Service and the Environmental Protection Agency.  The measurement is based on the clouds and local conditions that will affect the amount of UV rays to hit the ground. 
 
It ranges from zero to 10+.  Zero implies a low risk of overexposure to the UV rays of the sun and 10+ is a very high risk of overexposure.  For the average person, a UV Index of 3 to 5 is a moderate risk of overexposure to the sun
 
How can we protect ourselves from the harmful effects of sun?
 
o Limit your exposure to direct sun, i.e., spend time in the shade.
o Wear protective clothing if you’ll be in the sun for along periods of time, especially, a wide brim hat.
o Whether you’re in the direct sun or in the shade, use sunblock with a SPF of 15 or higher.

What is SPF?
 
SPF is an acronym for Sun Protection Factor.  It is laboratory measurement of a sunscreen’s ability to filter the UVB rays to prevent sunburn.  The higher the SPF, the more protection it provides against the sun.  In other words, if you burn in eight minutes and you use a sunblock with a SPF of 10, it will take you 80 minutes to burn.  If you use SPF 15, it will take 120 minutes for you to burn. 
 
In reality, the protection provided depends on several factors:  The person’s skin type, the amount applied and the frequency of application, activities that are engaged in while the product is on, and amount of sunscreen that is absorbed into the skin.
 
How should you apply sunblock?
 
Frequently and liberally!  Despite the fact that it adds hours on to the time it takes for a person to burn, it is best to apply it at least every two hours.  Apply it more frequently, if you are swimming or sweating.  It should also be applied liberally — one ounce per use.  Therefore, if you buy an 8 ounce bottle, it should only last for 8 uses.
 
Which is the best number to get?
 
Anything above SPF 15 is best.  SPF 15 will filter out 92 percent of the UVB rays, SPF 30 will filter out 97 percent of the rays and SPF 50 will filter out about 98 percent. 
 
Whatever number you get, remember to apply it frequently and liberally!
 
What is the best kind to get? 
 
It does not have to the most expensive one on the shelf to be the most effective.  You should look for ones that filter the UVA and UVB rays.  Look for ones that are waterproof or sweatproof.  Needless to say, take waterproof and sweatproof with a grain of salt.  If you go swimming for more than a quick dip and you’re sweating more than a droplet on your forehead, it’s not enough to apply it once.  If you go swimming, apply it again when you come out of the water.  If you’re sweating, apply it more frequently.
 
Are there clothes that have SPF?
 
A regular white T-shirt has an SPF of 3.  There are clothes that are made with zinc oxide and can provide an SPF of 30.  Tighter knit clothing also provides some protection.  Always try to wear a wide-brim hat to give more protection too. 
 
Am I protected from the UV rays in the shade?
 
The shade does provide some protection but the UV rays of the sun can reflect off the water, sand, concrete, and snow (not usually a problem in the summer!) and then penetrate the skin.  So sitting in the shade does provide good protection, but you still need to apply sunscreen.
 
And remember, whether you’re walking on the beach or just sitting on the porch reading a book, it’s always a good idea to have a bottle of sunblock close by. It’s a key factor in reducing your risk of developing skin cancer.

If you have questions about protecting yourself from the harmful rays of the sun or skin cancer – email Dr. Manny at Drmanny@foxnews.com.

Dr. Cynara Coomer is an assistant professor of surgery specializing in breast health and breast cancer surgery at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. She is a FOX News Health contributor providing medical expertise on a variety of topics in cancer research with a focus on women’s health, breast diseases and tips for healthy breasts at any age.

With all the hype about fighting aging through Botox and cosmetic fillers, we sometimes forget that the heart of dermatology is based in addressing common skin concerns.  This blog entry will be high-level overview of these concerns and some common ways to treat them.

The top ten skin issues we see at Sadick Dermatology are:
 1. Acne
 2. Allergic Rashes
 3. Eczema/Psoriasis/Dry Skin
 4. Suspicious Moles/Skin Cancer
 5. Hair loss
 6. Warts
 7. Nail Fungus
 8. Rosacea
 9. Herpes
 10. Pigmentation

Acne
Acne is a skin disease that affects more than 85% of teenagers.  In many cases, acne diminishes with age, but some people continue to have breakouts in their 30s, 40s and 50s. Acne can be treated by a number of over-the-counter remedies that contain drying agents such as salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide.  For more severe cases of acne, patients may opt for low-dose oral antibiotics, topical antibiotics, topical retinoids, phototherapy or laser treatments.

Allergic Rashes
These are changes of the skin, which change the skin’s color, appearance and/or texture.  Rashes may be localized or affect larger areas of the skin.  In many cases, patients complain of itchiness ― although not all rashes itch.  Obviously, not all rashes are the same and it is best to go to a dermatologist to identify the cause so that the best treatment regimen can be secured.  Learning the cause of the rash is the best way to prevent future breakouts.

Eczema/Psoriasis and Dry Skin
These are all somewhat related in that they are inflammatory, persistent skin issues that are tied to skin dryness and recurring skin rashes. They can be unsightly and annoying.  Treatments vary and a visit to the dermatologist is usually necessary.  Common treatments involve topical corticosteroids in the form of ointments, creams or lotions.  In severe cases, dermatologists may recommend photo/light treatments (PUVA or UVB) or systemic prescriptions such as biologics, cyclosporine, methotrexate or retinoids.

Suspicious Moles/Skin Cancer
Moles are another frequent skin issue.  With the increasing rates of skin cancer, patients should seek medical guidance when a suspicious mole appears.  For starters, moles are perfectly natural and can be influenced by genes or sunlight.  While moles are naturally occurring, it’s the appearance of the mole and its characteristics that distinguish benign moles from cancerous moles.  The four key criteria for moles relate to asymmetry, border, color and diameter. Sometimes evolving is added as a fifth criterion.  If a mole starts changing in size, color, shape or if the border becomes ragged or you notice bleeding, then it’s important to consult a dermatologist.  

Hair Loss
Many female and male patients come to visit my office to discuss hair loss which can be caused by a variety of issues.  The most common form is alopecia, a medical term for loss of hair from the head or body.  Alopecia can be a genetic phenomenon, hormone variation, or even a reaction to a hair treatment such as relaxers or hot hair irons.  In some cases it can be related to an iron deficiency.  For the best result, go to a dermatologist with a specialty in hair loss. This physician can determine the exact cause and provide a treatment that may include topical creams and ointments as well as special prescription shampoos and conditioners.

Warts
Warts are generally small in size and rough to the touch.  They appear most commonly on the hands and feet.  They are very common and are caused by a virus named HPV.  They are contagious when there is contact with the skin of an infected person.  You should also be aware that it is possible to get warts from using towels or other items used by an infected person.  In many cases, warts go away after a few months, but sometimes can last for years.  Treatments for warts vary from over-the-counter topical products, to prescriptions and cryosurgery.  While warts may be unsightly, they are not harmful and can be easily treated.

Nail Fungus
Many patients have concerns over nail fungus.  Onychomycosis is the medical term for a fungal infection of the nail.  This common condition impacts as much as 8% of the entire adult population.  It can appear on both finger and toe nails and is characterized by thickening and a yellow or cloudy appearance to the nail.  There is usually no pain associated with a nail fungus.  The treatment for nail fungus can be difficult because the infection is usually embedded within the nail and therefore difficult to heal with topical treatments.  The most effective treatments seem to be systemic antifungal medications.  These medications may have an impact on the liver and it is important to be followed by a physician.  Also note that it can take up to a year to clear up the nail fungus.

Rosacea
This is a widespread skin condition that usually affects Caucasians.  Rosacea patients have flushing and redness on their face and may also have small red bumps or pustules.  Rosacea can appear on both sexes but seems to affect people between the 30s and 60s.  Unfortunately, there is no consensus as to the cause of rosacea, treatments vary and a dermatologist should be consulted.  Some treatment tips are to avoid irritating topical lotions and cleansers and to use sunscreens with a minimum SPF 15.  Prescription treatments can include both topical and oral medications.  A dermatologist may recommend a photorejuvenation treatment.  Rosacea can be difficult to treat and many patients are encouraged to follow regimens and be patient.  It can take up to 1-2 years to get the disorder under control.

Herpes
Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex viruses.  Oral herpes, also called cold sores, usually infect the face and the mouth.  Infection of the genitals is also very common.    Herpes viruses have a cycle and there are periods where the virus is active and periods where the virus is inactive.  The active cycle can last between 2 and 20 days, during which sores appear and then disappear.  Recurrence times vary and there is no consensus on the triggers.  While there is no cure for the virus, there are treatments that can reduce outbreak frequency and duration.  Herpes is contracted through direct contact with an active lesion or the body fluid of an infected person.  Condoms are the best way to limit transmission because the virus cannot pass through latex.  The most common medications used to treat herpes include antiviral medications such as Zovirax, Valtrex and Famvir. 

Pigmentation Disorders
The final top ten skin concern that patients have relates to skin pigmentation.  Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of skin.  The most common form of skin pigmentation that we see in our office is hyperpigmentation or the darkening of an area of the skin.  Hyperpigmentation may be caused by sun damage, inflammation or acne.  Individuals with Asian, East Indian and African skin tones seem to be more prone to hyperpigmentation.  Treatment for these darker areas includes medications that bleach or lighten the skin.  Common ingredients include hydroquinone, kojic acid, azelaic acid, ascorbic acid and retinoids. 

As in all cases, patients are encouraged to seek treatment and advice from a physician if there is a skin concern or issue.  In many cases, these conditions are covered by insurance and can be treated with either over-the-counter treatments or with prescription medications. 

Dr. Neil Sadick is one of the most renowned dermatologists and researchers whose multiple discoveries have strongly influenced and transformed the future of dermatology. He is a Professor of Dermatology at Weill Cornell Medical College and President of the Cosmetic Surgery Foundation. Dr. Sadick is author, or co-author, of more than 500 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals and has contributed more than 75 chapters of medical books. Read more at www.sadickdermatology.com.

The question always comes up, “When should a child be seen by a dermatologist, particularly for mole evaluations?”  Well, the answer is that any child that has multiple moles on his body at any age should go to a dermatologist. It’s important to assess the clinical aspects of the mole and see whether any of them have suspicious characteristics for which a biopsy or at least photographic documentation would be indicated. 

Most children develop these moles during adolescence so it’s a good idea to begin mole screenings in late adolescence or early 20s.  If there is a family history of skin cancer, particularly of melanoma, then immediate family should be evaluated at a young age.  If that is the case, screenings could start during mid-adolescence. Surveillance and screening are an important part of preventative medicine and can never be carried out at too young of an age.

Dermatologists remain the experts on skin disease, so it is always best for pediatrician or internists to refer their patients for evaluation of moles or other dermatologic problems such as eczema or acne to a board-certified dermatologist. 

If there is any suspicion a mole might have the possibility for changing into skin cancer, then either a biopsy or photographic documentation of this mole would be indicated.  Yearly follow-ups would then be appropriate to document any changes. 

The definitive answer is children with moles should be screened by dermatologists at a relatively young age.  Most moles evolve during adolescence and that is a good time to begin going in for yearly screenings. 

Dr. Neil Sadick is one of the most renowned dermatologists and researchers whose multiple discoveries have strongly influenced and transformed the future of dermatology. He is a Professor of Dermatology at Weill Cornell Medical College and President of the Cosmetic Surgery Foundation. Dr. Sadick is author, or co-author, of more than 500 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals and has contributed more than 75 chapters of medical books. Read more at www.sadickdermatology.com.

As we know, SPF gives you a relative scale of protection for how long you can stay out in the sun without becoming sunburned versus the time it would take you to burn without using sunscreen.  Sunscreens are graded from SPF 2 to SPF 70.  The question is when is it necessary to use a higher numbered blocker versus a lower numbered blocker and are higher numbered blockers actually that more efficacious to justify the higher cost?

For example, if it takes you three minutes to burn and you use an SPF 15, it would take you 45 minutes to develop a burn.  SPF 15 gives you 15 times the sun protection.  It is generally recommended that most individuals will benefit from using a sunscreen in 30-to-45 range.  The minimal sun protection factor that is recommended would be SPF 15.  However, for those individuals who are very fair-skinned, for example of Irish-American descent or those that have a history of skin cancer – then higher numbered sun protection factors such as 45 to 70 would be indicated in those individuals. 

It is felt from scientific studies that higher SPFs do give you better sun protection; however, how much more protection they give you is still a controversial point. The general consensus is that if you are fair-skinned or if you have a history of skin cancer then higher SPFs are indicated. 

It is very important to use a sunscreen that has both UVB shortwave and UVA longwave coverage.  The SPF only measures the UVB coverage.  There is a new grading system that has been passed by the FDA which will grade UVA coverage from one to four stars based on its capability to protect against longwave UVA irradiation and that should be released in the next few years.  In terms of skin care products, many cosmeceuticals state they have sun protection factors or SPFs in them.  However, in my opinion, usually by themselves they are not sufficient enough to protect your skin from harmful irradiation because of their dilution with other ingredients.

Remember when you swim or sweat any sunscreen will be removed from the skin so it is necessary on very hot days or when you swim or have excessive sweating to reapply suncsreen every two to three hours to be sure you have adequate protection.  Sunscreens keep your skin healthy and protect against the risk of skin cancer and photoaging.  Always wear a sunscreenof SPF 15 or higher – even under clothes – for optimal protection.

Dr. Neil Sadick is one of the most renowned dermatologists and researchers whose multiple discoveries have strongly influenced and transformed the future of dermatology. He is a Professor of Dermatology at Weill Cornell Medical College and President of the Cosmetic Surgery Foundation. Dr. Sadick is author, or co-author, of more than 500 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals and has contributed more than 75 chapters of medical books. Read more at www.sadickdermatology.com

A man suffering from fatal melanoma was cured using an immune-priming experiment, which basically revved up his own immune system to fight off the tumors.

The treatment is new and has had mixed results. But doctors are encouraged by this man’s success.

A mushroom widely used in oriental medicine may help fight breast cancer by slowing the growth of tumors and starving them of blood, a study has shown.

Extracts of the fungus, Phellinus linteus, have been used for centuries by Eastern healers, who believe it has the power to rejuvenate and extend life.

Click here to read the full story.

Health Flash: Wearing lip gloss can increase skin cancer risk. Learn how to keep your “kisser” cancer free.

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